Preface Last Updated: 12/31/1999
6:00 PM
An assignment to Iceland can be a unique and rewarding
experience. Reykjavik is the northernmost capital in the world, and
for its size, has unique cultural and healthy lifestyle
opportunities. Icelanders speak the ancient language of the Vikings,
spoken nowhere else, and enjoy the benefits of a modern welfare
state comparable to any in the world. They endure almost 3 months of
near darkness (November-January) and revel in 3 months of total
daylight (May-July). With an average wintertime temperature of 32°F,
Iceland’s climate is not as harsh as its name would suggest.
Weather permitting, ample opportunities are available to enjoy
winter sports, such as downhill or cross-country skiing and ice
skating; or summer activities such as camping, fishing, hiking,
horseback riding, and trekking over some of Europe’s most beautiful
glaciers. Year round, you can swim in Iceland's famous natural hot
springs or open-air swimming pools.
Iceland has good air connections to the rest of Europe. As an R&R
post, Reykjavik presents an excellent opportunity for personnel to
experience a vacation nearly anywhere in Europe.
Most Icelanders speak English, are open and friendly, and eager
to share their ancient culture. An assignment to Reykjavik will be
remembered and cherished as one of the unique experiences of your
Foreign Service career.
The Host Country
Area, Geography, and Climate Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Iceland, the second largest island in Europe (39,706 square
miles), is slightly smaller than the state of Virginia.
Three-quarters of the country is a wilderness of deserts, lava
fields, glaciers, and extinct volcanoes. This lunar landscape serve
as a training ground for American astronauts preparing for the first
moon landings. A distinct beauty is found here in the treeless
landscape. The combination of crystal clear air and brilliant
sunshine creates vistas that can only be described as breathtaking.
This is big sky country, where rivers and waterfalls are abundant.
In summer the inhabited coastal area is verdant, its pastures filled
with sheep, horses, and cows. In the dark of winter, parts of the
same area are windswept, sometimes snow-covered, forbidding, and
often inaccessible.
Despite its location close to the Arctic Circle, Reykjavik's
climate is similar to that of the northwestern U.S., although cooler
and windier. The Gulf Stream helps keep the annual mean temperature
at 40°F. Changes between summer and winter are not extreme. It is
rarely very cold in winter or warm in summer. Winter temperatures
below 20°F are unusual, as are summer temperatures above 60°F. The
wind blows year round, however, and a wind chill factor between
-15°F and 10°F is common in winter.
Cooler weather lasts from October through April. Snow may fall in
Reykjavik as early as September and as late as June, but the normal
season is between October or November and March or April. Even in
midwinter, rain is as likely as snow. A large accumulation of snow
is rare. Average annual rainfall is 31 inches in Reykjavik. During
winter and spring, winds in the capital can reach hurricane force.
Overall, the winter climate is not as severe as that of New England
or the Great Lakes; but on a yearlong basis, Iceland's weather is
decidedly on the cool side.
Iceland is so far north that the amount of daylight varies
considerably throughout the year. An average daily gain of 6 minutes
of daylight follows the winter solstice on December 21, and a daily
loss of 6 minutes follows the summer solstice on June 21. December
and January days have only about 4 hours of daylight; in February
the days rapidly begin to lengthen; and by April they are as long as
at midsummer in the U.S. From late May to late July, there is no
darkness at all-20 hours of sun (or clouds) and 4 hours of twilight.
Following this period of "white nights," the sun slowly retreats,
and by October the days begin to shorten as rapidly as they
lengthened in the spring.
Earthquakes are common in Iceland, but are rarely felt in
Reykjavik. Volcanic activity is infrequent but rather spectacular
when an eruption does occur. The underwater volcano that created the
new island of Surtsey in the Westmann Islands off the south coast
began erupting in November 1963 and remained active through
mid-1967. In January 1973, a volcanic eruption on Heimaey Island in
the Westmann Islands forced the evacuation of all 5,000 residents
and destroyed more than 300 homes and buildings. In the Krafla area,
near Lake Myvatn, an eruption took place in December 1975, lasting
several days; this area subsequently has seen seven lesser
eruptions, and further volcanic activity is expected there. The most
famous of Iceland's volcanoes, Mt. Hekla, which had been expected to
remain dormant for a 100 years or so after its spectacular 1947
eruption, produced eruptions in August 1980, April 1981, and January
1991. A volcano under the Glacier Vatnajokull erupted in November
1996, melting tons of ice and creating destructive flooding.
Population Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe,
averaging little more than five persons per square mile. About 60%
of Iceland's total population of 270,000 live in and around
Reykjavik. The capital's population is 105,500. The second and third
largest towns, Kopavogur and Hafnarfjordur, are both suburbs of
Reykjavik. Akureyri, on the central northern coast with 15,000
people, is the fourth largest population center. Keflavik is the
town nearest the NATO base and 32 miles from Reykjavik. The NATO
base has about 3,000 military personnel and 2,400 dependents. Most
other Icelanders live in small fishing villages or farming
communities around the coast. The center of the country is
completely uninhabited.
Excluding the American-staffed NATO base, approximately 700 U.S.
citizens reside in Iceland. Of the 355,340 tourists and business
representatives who visited the country in 1995, about 30,000 were
Americans.
Icelanders are descended from Nordic and Celtic peoples who first
arrived in A.D. 874 and rapidly settled the island, previously
inhabited only by a few Irish monks who lived as hermits. Most
Icelanders are knowledgeable about their family history, some
tracing it back to the time of the settlements.
The Icelandic language is of Germanic origin and was introduced
from western Norway in the 9th century. It has gone through so few
changes since the Viking age that an Icelander of today can read and
understand 12th- and 13th-century literature-notably the famous
Sagas. Despite the difficulty of the Icelandic language, some
Embassy personnel learn to read newspapers and carry on basic
conversations. These efforts are greatly appreciated by Icelanders.
Foreigners are often confused by Icelandic family names. Few
continuing family names are used. The given name is the primary
name, and the surname tells only the given name of the father.
Surnames for males are formed by adding "son" to the possessive form
of the father's given name. For females, the suffix "dottir" is
added to the father's given name. The wife keeps her maiden name. As
a result, the Icelandic telephone book is arranged alphabetically by
first names. Further differentiation is made on the basis of last
name, profession and address.
Iceland's population is about 97% Lutheran. Although Lutheranism
is the state religion, Iceland has complete religious freedom.
Catholics number nearly 2,520 and have their own church. The
population also includes some 3,700 members of other religious
denominations.
Icelandic dress, housing, and food are similar to those in other
Nordic countries. According to October 1997 statistics, about 4.5%
of the population was earning its living from farming; 10.9% from
fishing and fish processing; 11.1% from manufacturing; 6.5% from
construction; 13.7% from commerce; 7.1% from transport and
communications; and the remaining from other service industries.
Unemployment is about 4%.
Public Institutions Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Iceland elects a president every 4 years. The President has
largely ceremonial responsibilities. Iceland elected the world's
first female head of state in 1980. She served four terms. On August
1996, Olafur Ragnar Grimsson became the President of the Icelandic
Republic.
Parliamentary elections take place at 4-year intervals unless the
Althing dissolves itself before the end of its normal term. The
smallest districts elect five members of parliament (MPs), giving
them a disproportionate share of the seats; the largest, Reykjavik,
elects 18 MPs based on the share of popular votes for each slate of
candidates.
Legislative power rests with the Althing, or Icelandic
parliament, which is a unicameral legislature. Executive power is
vested in the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The Cabinet has always
been formed by a coalition of political parties. A written
constitution provides for a system of national and local courts to
administer justice, and specifically guarantees personal liberties.
Iceland has an independent judiciary. A Supreme Court sits in
Reykjavik, and criminal cases are handled by the state prosecuting
attorney. The judicial system includes district and town judges, a
Maritime Court, and an Arbitration Court for adjudication of labor
disputes.
Iceland is divided into 34 districts and 22 towns. Each district
and town is administered by a magistrate responsible to an elected
council of 7-15 members. Normally, in the larger towns, a coalition
of political parties within the council will form a governing
majority. The principal responsibilities of magistrates include
police administration of state old-age pensions and other social
benefits. Historically, the mayor of Reykjavik has been an important
political figure. Five post-war prime ministers of Iceland were
former mayors of the city.
Arts, Science, and Education Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Icelanders have traditionally had a strong interest in education
and the arts. The literacy rate is 99.9%. Reykjavik has a variety of
bookstores that also carry English-language books. Book prices and
tickets for all cultural performances are high.
Painting, sculpture, theater, and music are enthusiastically
supported. Museums and legitimate theaters feature Icelandic
creative works as well as foreign productions, including American
productions.
The Icelandic Research Council (IRC) operates under the Ministry
of Culture, Education and Science. Its mission is to reinforce and
underpin the cultural and economic foundation of Icelandic society
by promoting vigorous and well-coordinated scientific endeavors,
technical development, and innovation. The IRC advises the
Government of Iceland, publishes information, and serves as a
liaison with research institutes and companies and with agencies and
relevant international organizations.
Education is compulsory for children ages 7 to 15. The University
of Iceland in Reykjavik had 5,826 students during the 1996-97
academic year. It has departments of law, philosophy, economics,
Icelandic language and literature, theology, medicine, dentistry,
science, and engineering. The Saga manuscripts, returned from
Denmark in 1971, are housed in the university's Manuscript
Institute.
The Reykjavik Music Society, the Iceland Opera, and the Iceland
Symphony Orchestra, among other local musical organizations, offer
frequent performances of classical music, and local social clubs
sponsor Icelandic and visiting concert artists. The Iceland Symphony
Orchestra offers a concert series every other week during the fall,
winter, and spring, often featuring internationally famous guest
artists. Well-known jazz musicians perform several times a year in
Iceland.
The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service, in cooperation with
the City of Reykjavik, sponsors a Jazz Festival every September. It
features classical, rock, jazz, and folk music concerts by
well-known performers as well as art exhibits and theater
performances. Reykjavik has 10 cinemas featuring mainly U.S. movies,
many of which are first run. In addition, university and college
film clubs offer classic and foreign films. A Film Festival is
sponsored by the City of Reykjavik every other September.
Commerce and Industry Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Iceland's 1998 estimated GNP was about $7.5 billion, or roughly
$28,500 per capita. The economy is essentially market-based but with
significant government intervention. While the cooperative movement
historically played an important role in many aspects of the
economy, this is changing rapidly under a private-
sector oriented government.
The national and municipal governments, directly and through the
banking system and investment funds, control a large share of the
financial resources available to Icelandic business firms.
Government involvement is widespread in shipbuilding, fish
processing, communications, tourist facilities, and electric power
generation and distribution. The national government owns and
operates one cement and one fertilizer plant.
Iceland depends on imports for many of its needs. Fishery
products comprise about 75% of exports. The biggest overseas market
for Iceland's marine exports has traditionally been the U.S., but
that has changed in recent years, and the U.K. has taken the top
spot. The U.S. share of Icelandic fish exports has fallen from 21%
in 1986 to about 18% in 1997. About 65% of Iceland's fish exports go
to Europe. The U.S. supplied slightly more than 9% of Iceland's
imports. Other major trading partners include Japan and Germany.
Iceland's future industrial development is likely to hinge on
utilization of its abundant hydroelectric and geothermal power. The
government actively encourages foreign investment in energy
intensive industry that would make use of these resources.
Nevertheless, apart from the fish processing industry, hydroelectric
power installations, a diatomite plant, a ferrosilicon plant, and a
Swiss-owned aluminum smelter, industry is rather small scale and
geared mainly to meet local consumption needs. Ground was broken in
1997 for an American-owned aluminum smelter.
Transportation
Automobiles Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
If you already have a car that runs well, bring it. If you are
interested in exploring the countryside and camping, bring a
four-wheel-drive recreational vehicle. Driving is on the right.
Although it is advisable to buy a new car abroad rather than in
Iceland because of high prices, Reykjavik has dealers representing
most major auto manufacturers, and any popular American-made or
foreign car purchased in the U.S. can be serviced locally. Repair
service is expensive and facilities limited, with the quality of
service ranging from excellent to poor. Repairmen do not guarantee
their work. Iceland has about 1,985 miles of paved roads (1996). The
poor quality of the remaining road system and harsh climate make it
inadvisable to bring an expensive car.
As of July 1, 1992, all vehicles imported into Iceland must have
a catalytic converter. Unleaded and diesel fuels are available here.
All vehicles must pass a safety and emissions inspection before
getting license plates. Older vehicles must be reinspected each
year; newer vehicles may not require other inspections (1998:
one-time registration fee, Ikr5,800, and license plates, Ikr3,750.
Safety inspection: Ikr9,425). Equip all cars with shoulder seat
belts in the front seat. Vehicles in Iceland must be driven at all
times with their lights on. Automatic systems for turning lights
on/off with the engine are mandatory. Required for registering the
vehicle are a valid title, vehicle specifications, bill of lading,
and a certificate of origin. Additional documentation is required
for the importation of a brand new vehicle unless it has been
registered in the U.S. before entering the country. To avoid
additional paperwork, register a brand new vehicle in the U.S.
before bringing it to post.
Jeeps and vans must have mud-flaps. These can be obtained
locally, if you do not already have them installed. Use snow tires
from November through April 15. Most Embassy personnel use
all-weather tires. Some switch to studded tires in the winter, as
are used by many Icelanders. Tires can be obtained locally but it is
much more economical to have them shipped from the U.S. A limited
selection of tires is available at the service station on the NATO
base. Spare parts are expensive but are generally in stock. Bring a
small stock of spark plugs, fan belts, and oil filters to reduce the
high cost of repairs.
All vehicles must carry third-party liability insurance purchased
through local insurance firms. You can buy other coverage from
Icelandic, U.S., or European firms.
Bring a valid U.S. or other national drivers license with you.
Otherwise, it costs between $557 and $922, including the cost of
driving lessons, to obtain an Icelandic drivers permit.
Local Transportation Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Local taxi and bus service is safe and efficient. Monthly bus
passes, as well as discounted individual tickets valid for use on
all buses in greater Reykjavik, are available at reduced costs.
Taxis are metered and zoned. They are widely used and readily
available but cost more than in New York or Washington, D.C. Tipping
is not customary.
Regional Transportation Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Iceland has no railroads or streetcars. The two-lane highway from
Reykjavik to Keflavik is one of the best roads in the country. A
ring road circles the island (1,480 km., or 925 miles). Other roads
outside Reykjavik are mainly dirt or gravel of good to fair quality.
Nearly all inhabited parts of Iceland can be reached by car during
summer (early June to mid-September). Use a four-wheel-drive vehicle
with high road clearance for trips to the country's interior. Most
of the popular tourist locations outside Reykjavik can be reached
during summer without a four-wheel-drive vehicle.
International
Icelandair (Flugleidir) is the only carrier with regularly
scheduled service between Iceland and the U.S. Rates are two to
three times the cost of U.S.- originating flights. Special bargain
fares are available at low travel times. The airline flies daily to
New York and Baltimore. It also flies five times a week to Boston,
twice a week to Orlando, and four times a week to Minneapolis. A few
charter air companies also provide service to Europe.
A car ferry operates with weekly sailings (June through August),
between Seydisfjordur, 461 miles to the east of Reykjavik, and the
Faroe Islands, Scotland, and Norway.
Communications
Telephones and Telecommunications Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00
PM
State-owned telephone service is available to all parts of
Iceland and principal points throughout the world. Connections to
the U.S. are reasonably quick and clear. Direct-dial is available.
Charges for direct-dial to the U.S. are about 75˘ a minute, slightly
more for operator-assisted calls. There is a reduced rate from 11
p.m. to 8 a.m. at 56˘ per minute. Quarterly service costs are about
$20. AT&T, Sprint, and MCI calling cards and call-back services can
be used in Iceland as well.
Mail and Pouch Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
International airmail to the U.S. takes 3-10 days, depending on
the destination, and costs about 92 cents for the first 20 grams.
Mail service is reliable. Embassy personnel are eligible to use the
Fleet Post Office (FPO) at the NATO base where U.S. postage rates
apply; mail travels by air to New York. FPO mail arrives daily and
parcel post about 2 times a week. All parcel post is sent by air
from New York. The Embassy picks up mail at the base two times a
week. The FPO mailing address is:
(Name)
American Embassy
PSC 1003, Box 40
FPO AE 09728-0340
The international mailing address is:
(Name)
American Embassy
Laufasvegur 21
101 Reykjavik, Iceland
Since all packages sent by international mail must be cleared
through customs, Embassy personnel generally use FPO for parcel post
from the U.S. At 70 pounds and 100 inches in length and girth
combined, FPO size and weight limits on packages are more generous
than the limits on packages sent by international mail.
Radio and TV Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
The Navy radio station broadcasts 24 hours daily and can be heard
in Reykjavik on AM 1530. Icelandic radio operates primarily on FM.
Numerous stations, both state and private, have coverage lasting
virtually all day. You might want to bring a good shortwave radio,
as VOA and BBC program reception is good and is an excellent
supplement to Icelandic and U.S. publications.
Numerous TV stations can be received seven days a week. The state
TV station broadcasts approximately 24 hours a day and can be
received by any set operating on the PAL system. Channel 2 and Syn
are private stations also broadcasting in PAL. With the exception of
the daily news program and a few other shows, their signals cannot
be received without the payment of a monthly subscription fee. Syn
plus cable (Discovery, CNN, Sky News, Cartoon Network, TNT,
Eurosport, MTV, NBC Europe, BBC Prime) costs about $38 a month.
Channel 2 plus cable is about twice as much (about $78 a month). The
"cable" stations without Channel 2 or Syn can be ordered at about
$18 a month. Icelandic stations broadcast a variety of
entertainment, news, cultural, and sports programs.
Many of the entertainment programs are in English with Icelandic
subtitles.
TV sets purchased for the U.S. (NSTC) system will not work in
Reykjavik, but the Navy Exchange at the NATO base generally has a
reasonable selection of multi-system TVs and VCRs, which will work
in Iceland and in the U.S.
Video stores for PAL machines abound in Reykjavik. Cassettes are
also available for rental at the NATO base, for the American NTSC
system. So it is worthwhile to bring your present TV and VCR for
operation with a transformer, even if they are American system only.
Newspapers, Magazines, and Technical Journals Last Updated:
12/31/1999 6:00 PM
American newspapers and magazines, such as the New York Times or
Time, arrive approximately one week late via the FPO. The Dutch
edition of the International Herald Tribune is usually a day late.
Post officers can read up-to-date articles from American newspapers
on the Internet.
European editions of Time and Newsweek are sold at local
newsstands. If you have a subscription to such periodicals, you will
receive faster service if you use the international address of the
Embassy (not FPO). You can purchase many English-language magazines
at the Keflavik NATO base. Reykjavik has three daily newspapers and
one weekly, all in Icelandic.
Health and Medicine
Medical Facilities Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Reykjavik's medical facilities equal those in comparably sized
U.S. cities. The University of Iceland has its own medical school.
Many Icelandic doctors and dentists have been trained in the U.S.
and/or in Europe. Nurses and other medical staff do not usually
study abroad, so they do not necessarily speak fluent English.
Reykjavik has three well-equipped and well-staffed hospitals, but
they are usually crowded. Iceland has a state-supported medical
program, and doctor's fees are reasonable by U.S. standards. Drugs
and pharmaceuticals are expensive for foreigners. All medicines are
sold only by prescription. Facilities for standard laboratory work
are available. Only rarely must tests be sent abroad for more
sophisticated evaluation.
An Icelandic physician serves as the post's medical adviser.
Neighborhood clinics in Reykjavik provide well-baby check-ups and
routine childhood immunizations for reasonable fees. Embassy
personnel may use the Keflavik NATO base hospital on a
fee-for-service basis, although illnesses or medical conditions
requiring specialists are frequently referred to Icelandic
physicians.
Embassy personnel have access to base dentists for routine care
on a space-available basis. Icelandic dentists are competent and
their prices are comparable to those in Washington, D.C. Orthodontia
is also available in Reykjavik, generally with American-trained
dentists. Eyeglasses and contact lenses are available on the local
market and at the NATO base optical shop. Prices in the latter are
comparable to those in the U.S.
Obstetric care in Reykjavik is excellent. Child delivery can be
done in Reykjavik's National Hospital. Iceland-trained mid-wives
deliver babies with a doctor available if there is an emergency.
Employees may also use the hospital at the NATO base, where an OB/GYN
physician resides. Iceland has one of the lowest infant mortality
rates in the world.
Community Health Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Reykjavik is a remarkably tidy city, with however a sooty black
air pollution (especially in the winter), a developing smog problem,
and an occasionally strong smell when the fishmeal plants are
operating. Iceland has no serious endemic diseases or health
hazards. Levels are similar to those in the U.S. and Western Europe.
Influenza, whooping cough, measles, chicken pox, and pneumonia are
the most common ailments. Many people suffer from the flu each
winter.
Light deprivation can be a real problem for some people. Days are
drastically shortened in winter. The sun rises after 11 a.m. and
sets around 3 p.m. In reality, because the sun is so low in the sky,
even a low hill range can block its already weak lighting effect.
Street lights, activated by low-light sensors, are often on
throughout the "daylight" hours. Many experience symptoms of
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)-depression, sleep problems,
anxiety, difficulty in concentrating, etc. High intensity lights are
issued to each family to help counteract these effects. But the long
hours of darkness remain extremely debilitating.
Water throughout Iceland is potable, pollution free, and so tasty
it is often called "Icelandic champagne." It is not fluoridated. You
can drink water from streams without boiling it. Hot water in homes
has a slightly sulfurous smell, and it is completely safe to drink.
You must be cautious, as it comes out of the tap at 176řF. Some
people react to drinking the hot water. Others experience a
dermatological sensitivity (especially during the first few weeks
after arrival). Government standards for food inspection are high,
and foods bought on the local market can be eaten without special
preparation or treatment. Milk is pasteurized and government
controlled, although it is not vitamin D fortified. Garbage is
collected by the city once a week.
Preventive Measures Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
No special immunizations or therapeutic treatments are required
before coming here, but German measles and mumps shots are advisable
for infants and young children, as are polio vaccines and the other
routine immunizations. Flu shots are available at the base, where
100% of military personnel are required to have them. Qualified
pediatricians are readily available. Most children have no special
health problems.
Those who suffer from respiratory ailments, rheumatism, or
arthritis may find that Iceland's climate can aggravate these
conditions. Dryness from the heating system and the constant winds
may aggravate sinuses and dry skin.
Employment for Spouses and Dependents Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00
PM
Employment opportunities within the U.S. Mission are nonexistent.
Employment outside the U.S. Mission is possible but difficult to
find because most jobs require fluent Icelandic.
Part-time summer employment for teenagers, who have been employed
in fish-processing plants, bottling factories, and other local
firms, has been possible. The U.S. has a de facto reciprocity work
agreement with the Icelandic authorities. All employment of American
family members in the local economy depends upon ad hoc approval of
work permits by the Foreign Ministry. These are normally granted.
Embassy dependents may not work at the NATO base. All other
employment of foreigners in the local economy is governed by a work
permit system in which the prospective Icelandic employer obtains a
permit from the Ministry of Social Affairs. The availability of such
permits depends on the fluctuation of need and levels of employment
in the Icelandic economy from year to year.
American Embassy - Reykjavik
Post City Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Reykjavik is Iceland's capital and its largest city. Located on
the southwest coast, it sits on a peninsula extending northwest into
the sea. It lies at 64°N and 22°W.
Reykjavik is a modern, picturesque city. New buildings of
reinforced concrete are rapidly replacing older wooden framed and
corrugated iron structures similar to those found in northern
Norway.
Small detached and semi-detached houses and numerous apartment
buildings are found in the city. Houses are well built, comfortable,
and modern. All of the city's central heating is supplied by hot
springs. Reykjavik is often referred to as the "smokeless city"
because of this heating method.
Reykjavik is the seat of government and the focal point of
Icelandic cultural activity. It is the site of the University of
Iceland, founded in 1911. It has a museum of natural history, a
national museum, four art museums, a municipal and a national
theater, a symphony orchestra, an opera, a ballet company, art
galleries, libraries, seven movie theaters, an outdoor stadium, an
indoor arena, and private and state radio and TV stations. The city
has thermally heated outdoor swimming pools that are open year
round, three small lakes teeming with wild bird life year round, and
several parks.
Reykjavik's terrain is essentially barren lava; however, the
mountains and natural harbor form a scenic setting for the capital.
The harbor, with its extensive shipping and fishing activities, is
the lifeline of the city.
Reykjavik enjoys a high living standard. At around $26,300 per
capita, income is comparable to that in the U.S.
The Post and Its Administration Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
In September 1944, about 3 months after Iceland declared its
independence from Denmark, the U.S. established a legation in
Reykjavik. The U.S. thus became the first country to recognize
Iceland's sovereignty. The legation was elevated to Embassy status
in October 1955. It became a SEP post in 1995. The Chancery, located
at Laufasvegur 21, is the only Foreign Service post in Iceland. The
Public Affairs Office is located at Thingholtsstraeti 34, directly
behind the Chancery.
Office hours for Embassy personnel are 8 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. and
1:30 p.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday. The Chancery has no
restaurant or other eating facilities. A lounge and kitchen with
refrigerator, microwave, and coffee machine are available.
The Embassy staff is composed of the Ambassador, DCM,
economic/commercial officer, political/consular officer,
administrative officer, public affairs officer, one American
secretary, communicator, and 14 Foreign Service National employees.
Housing Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Most personnel can expect to move into Embassy housing on
arrival. A short hotel stay may, in rare cases, be necessary.
Hotels are good but expensive. Except during the peak summer
tourist season, rooms are ordinarily available. All are modern and
have good facilities, but rooms are small and not suited for long
family stays. All rooms lack cooking
facilities.
Temporary Quarters Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Most personnel can expect to move into Embassy housing on
arrival. A short hotel stay may, in rare cases, be necessary.
Hotels are good but expensive. Except during the peak summer
tourist season, rooms are ordinarily available. All are modern and
have good facilities, but rooms are small and not suited for long
family stays. All rooms lack cooking facilities.
Permanent Housing Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
The U.S. Government owns four buildings in Reykjavik-the
Ambassador's residence, the Chancery, and the Administrative wing,
which are adjoining buildings, and the former Marine Security Guard
house where the Public Affairs Office is now located. The units
enclose the Embassy garden and form a small compound surrounded by a
masonry wall.
The Ambassador's residence is a three-story concrete building
with stucco exterior. It faces the street and has no front lawn, but
it has a small garden at the rear. The basement has a powder room,
an entry area, a large kitchen, sauna, laundry room, servant's
bathroom, and guest quarters consisting of a bedroom and sitting
room. The first floor has an entrance hall, a small pantry, living
room, den with fireplace, dining room, and an enclosed solarium. The
second floor has a master bedroom with dressing room, bathroom and
study, two other double bedrooms, one single bedroom, and two other
full baths. The residence was newly furnished in 1997.
Other American employees are housed in short-term government
apartments or houses in accordance with housing standards. A few are
within walking distance of the Embassy. But these are limited, and
other employees can expect a long walk (or a short drive). Most are
located within 4-5 miles of the Embassy.
Furnishings Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
All U.S. Government-owned and -leased residences are fully
furnished and include washers, dryers, stoves, microwave ovens,
dishwashers and refrigerators. The Embassy has Hospitality Kits for
personnel moving into permanent quarters. The kits include linens,
cooking utensils, cutlery, plates, glasses, cups, bowls, pots and
pans, pillows, and irons. A crib is available for those with babies
or toddlers. Other temporary needs can usually be met until
household effects arrive.
Utilities and Equipment Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Electric current is 220v, 50-cycle, single-phase, AC. Motors not
wired for 50 cycles will operate on the local current but can
overheat and burn up when run continually. Electric appliances
equipped for 110v, except clocks and record players, can be operated
with a transformer on the local current. U.S. record players must be
converted from 60 to 50 cycles to operate properly. Normally, this
takes only a small, inexpensive device that is quickly installed. Do
this before coming to post. The Embassy provides stepdown
transformers for all government-furnished appliances, if needed,
plus several additional ones per residence. Step-down transformers
may be purchased locally. Wall sockets are usually the European,
two-pronged, tubular type, although other types of plugs and sockets
are sometimes used in newer construction. In any event, conversion
plugs to adapt U.S. plugs to Icelandic wall sockets are available.
No special wiring is needed for lamps, but 110v bulbs cannot be
used.
The municipality provides geothermally heated water for heating
and other purposes to all city housing. You quickly become used to
the slight sulfur smell of the hot water. The natural hot water is
excellent for washing clothes but will blacken silver not rinsed
immediately in cold water, which is nonsulfurous. Bring everyday
stainless steel flatware. You can buy 110v hand appliances at the
base exchange and use them with transformers.
Food Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Most local food items are quite expensive. Embassy personnel can
buy groceries, sundries, and limited department store items at the
commissary and Navy exchange at Keflavik. The commissary compares
favorably in variety and quality of merchandise to a medium-sized
U.S. supermarket. Beef, poultry, and pork are of good quality and
are generally available. The commissary also carries a good
selection of canned and frozen foods. Fresh produce is shipped to
the NATO base weekly and is of varying quality. Availability varies
with the seasons. Other commissary and exchange stocks also are
limited with some items not always available. Prices are comparable
to U.S. supermarket prices. Uncooked meats cannot be imported into
the country.
Every neighborhood in Reykjavik has a bakery, fish shop, and
dairy store. Bread and cakes are baked and sold fresh daily. Dairy
stores feature many types of cheese, yogurt, "skyr" (a type of
Icelandic yogurt), cream and a number of milk products not found in
the U.S. All Icelandic food items are of good quality and completely
safe to eat.
Clothing Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
The Ambassador and DCM (when acting as Chargé‚) need formal wear.
This includes black tie for men and formal dress for women. You can
rent black and white tie outfits locally. All male officers should
bring black-tie outfits. Some diplomatic corps functions call for
black tie. Female officers will occasionally need long evening
gowns.
Bring a good supply of shoes and boots, especially rubber rain
and snow boots. All are available on the local market or at the base
exchange. But local stores are expensive and styles do not always
appeal to American tastes. Strap-
on "cleats" sold in Reykjavik can be useful on windy and icy winter
days. Availability of such items at the Navy exchange is erratic.
In general, all family members should have adequate clothing for
a cold, wet climate. Iceland produces fine woolen goods, especially
sweaters, at quite reasonable prices, but all other clothing is
expensive. The Navy exchange carries some basic clothes for
everyone, although styles, stocks and sizes are limited. Many people
order clothing through U.S. catalog stores. A raincoat with
removable lining is quite useful. Hikers should bring thermal
underwear and sturdy boots or walking shoes as well as rain gear.
Men Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Men wear wool suits year round, but bring fall- and summer-weight
suits for travel outside Iceland and for those warm days of summer
when lighter clothing may be more comfortable.
Women Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Long dresses or skirts are sometimes worn, but cocktail-type
dresses are suitable for all but the most formal occasions. Wool
suits and dresses are useful. Hand-knit Icelandic sweaters are an
outstanding value and are worn frequently. Head scarves and plastic
rain bonnets are necessary. A long winter-weight raincoat with
removable lining, a spring coat, and a summer-weight coat are
useful. Bring weather-proof shoes for rain and/or snow.
Icelandic women dress fashionably, buying imported items here at
prices three-to-four times higher than in the U.S. Local dressmakers
are expensive. Maternity clothing is expensive here and in limited
supply at the base.
Children Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Children's clothing is expensive. The Navy exchange has only
limited stock, so bring what you need or order clothing from U.S.
catalog stores. Children tend to play outdoors year round even in
the most inclement weather. Bring good rain gear and boots.
Supplies and Services
Supplies Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Common toiletries, cosmetics, and household needs are sold at the
Navy exchange where they are less expensive than at local stores.
Selection is often limited, so bring your favorite brands. The base
exchange offers cameras, film, home entertainment equipment,
luggage, and watches. Classical records and tape selections are
limited. Prices are comparable to U.S. discount prices.
All personnel are issued military identification cards allowing
them access to commissary and exchange facilities at the NATO base.
Embassy personnel may be required to show a card, provided by the
Embassy Administrative Section, to Icelandic customs officials each
time they leave the base with merchandise.
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco can be purchased from the State
Monopoly at duty-free prices or at the NATO base. Personnel may
purchase liquor and tobacco directly from NATO base facilities.
Children's toys are expensive in Reykjavik and are in limited
supply at the base exchange. Bring some toys for birthday gifts and
other special occasions. The exchange also occasionally carries some
sporting equipment, but bring to post anything your children will
need. Some recreational equipment, such as skiing and camping
equipment, may be rented at the base; but supplies are limited and
demand high. The NATO base gas station has a selection of auto
fuel/oil filters, wash/wax supplies, and other auto goods. It does
minor repair work such as tune-ups, brake adjustments, and tires.
Basic Services Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Men's tailoring is fair. Men's suits can be made to order through
the Navy exchange or bought from a local tailor.
Laundries and drycleaning are adequate and conveniently located,
but there are no laundromats. Local prices for laundry and
drycleaning are higher than in New York and Washington, D.C., but
base exchange prices are lower.
Reykjavik has several hairdressers and barbershops. Services are
expensive but the work is of the highest quality. A hairdresser and
a barbershop are also available at the NATO base, where the rates
are very reasonable.
Radio and TV repairs are usually reliable but expensive. Parts
for American sets are usually not available and must be ordered from
home. The base also has repair facilities for TV and stereo
equipment, but the quality of the work is less reliable.
Domestic Help Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Domestic help is extremely difficult to find. Icelanders do not
normally employ full-time servants. Some women do housework and help
cook and serve at dinners and receptions for about $12-$15 a hour.
They normally expect to get paid for a minimum of four hours. The
rate includes any taxes that might be owed by the employee.
Babysitters cost $5 or more per hour and are difficult to find on
short notice.
Religious Activities Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Protestant and Catholic services in Reykjavik are generally in
Icelandic, but most clergymen speak English. The Catholic Church
holds an English Mass on Sunday evenings. You can also participate
in religious activities at the base. Services are held in English
for Catholics, Protestants, and (occasionally) for Jews. A chaplain
from the NATO base conducts a monthly nondenominational service at
the University of Iceland chapel (in Reykjavik).
Education
Dependent Education Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
The American Embassy School provides an American-style primary
education from kindergarten through grade 6. Enrollment consists of
Embassy children, Icelanders, and English-speaking children of
foreign diplomats. The student population varies considerably from
year to year (1996-97: 18 students; 1997-98: 14). Due to the
school's size, classes are composed of mixed grades with different
ages of children. The school is in three rooms in an apartment
building close to the Embassy and the center of Reykjavik. The head
teacher/principal is a U.S. citizen, as are some other teachers.
Most hold degrees from American universities and all speak both
English and Icelandic. The school is well equipped with modern
educational materials and supplies. Tuition costs for Embassy
children are covered by an educational allowance.
Local nursery school is a problem because schools are few and
waiting lists are long. Although preference is given to Icelandic
mothers who work, several Embassy children in recent years have
attended nursery school here after a long wait. Embassy children may
also attend the elementary, junior, and senior high schools at the
Keflavik NATO base, 32 miles from Reykjavik. Transportation is
authorized by the Office of Overseas schools, but the trip is a
solid 45 minutes each way, in often bad weather. Personnel with
children who would need to travel to the base during the normal
3-year tour here should consult with the Embassy Administrative
Section before bidding on Reykjavik. The base does not have boarding
facilities. Tuition costs for local and base schools (grades 7-12)
are covered by an education allowance. There is an away-from-post
education allowance for grades 7 to 12.
Recreation and Social Life
Sports Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
The most popular family sport in Iceland is swimming, done year
round in pools filled with natural hot water. Reykjavik has four
outdoor and two indoor pools. Charges are nominal and facilities are
excellent.
A number of other sports and activities are possible in
Reykjavik, even during the long winter months. Interest in track and
field is strong, and many joggers run in parks or at the
University's 400-meter track. Several private gymnasiums are in town
that typically offer exercise and weightlifting equipment, saunas,
and aerobics classes. Fees for use of such facilities average
Ikr5,000 per month. The city has two bowling alleys and there are
two more at the base. The base also has a well-equipped gymnasium
and swimming pool. It is possible to play a number of racket sports
such as tennis, badminton, and squash on indoor courts in Reykjavik,
but prices are high. Other more sedentary activities such as chess
and billiards are also popular in Iceland.
Both downhill and cross-country skiing are popular in Iceland.
The main ski area for Reykjavik is located in the Blue Mountains,
approximately 45 minutes from the city. The facility has two chair
lifts 800 and 1,200 meters long, six tow lifts, and two bunny
slopes. Two other ski areas are also near Reykjavik. Skiing usually
starts in January and continues through April, but you cannot count
on having sufficient snow in the Reykjavik area for skiing every
year. Skiing conditions are more reliable in the north near Akureyri.
Glacier skiing is good throughout the summer. A ski school is on one
of the glaciers. Rent skiing equipment in town, at the Blue Mountain
resort, or from the base Morale Welfare and Recreation Association.
The Recreation Association also organizes reasonably priced ski
tours to well-known European ski areas.
Ice skating is another popular winter sport. Reykjavik's skating
rink is open from late October through mid-April. Skate rentals are
available. During very cold winters, skating is permitted on the
pond in downtown Reykjavik.
The Reykjavik area has about six golf courses. Another course is
available near the base. Though weather has to be considered,
Iceland has many golfing enthusiasts.
Horseback riding is possible on trails and unpaved roads in the
Reykjavik area. Icelandic horses are small, powerful, and
independent-minded creatures. Rent horses near Reykjavik for
approximately $17 an hour or $50 for 3 hours. Summer cross-country
trips on horseback are offered by various travel bureaus. This is a
sport that both adults and children can enjoy. The usual riding
dress is either riding breeches or jeans, knee-length rubber boots,
and a weatherproof parka with hood. Rubber boots are used, since
riders often ride in the surf or ford small streams. Horse shows,
which include racing, are held on summer weekends. No betting is
allowed in Iceland.
Bird watching is a popular activity. Iceland is world famous for
its variety of birds. Beautiful Lake Myvatn in the north is noted
for its waterfowl, including some which are not found anywhere else
in Europe.
Fishermen from all over the world are attracted to the
outstanding salmon streams in Iceland. Most of the better streams
are rented to Icelandic clubs or to individuals, and fishing time
must be reserved months in advance. Unless you are lucky enough to
be invited as a guest, the average charge per rod a day for salmon
fishing is a startling $250-$850, varying according to which rivers
you go to and whether your trip is catered. River trout fishing is
considerably less expensive at $55-$85 per rod a day. Lake trout
fishing is also excellent and much less expensive, averaging $14-$30
per rod a day. And good lake trout fishing can be found within 15
minutes of central Reykjavik. Sea trout and German brown trout are
found in streams near Reykjavik. Faxa Bay has good deep sea fishing,
especially codfish, halibut, and haddock. A boat may be chartered
for fishing parties. Group rates are reasonable.
Extensive and unusual camping opportunities are available during
Iceland's short summer. It is easy to find an area affording
complete privacy, and once in the countryside you can pitch a tent
almost anywhere. Organized campsites with modern facilities are also
available. Campers must be hardy, since temperatures during summer
range from 35°F to 60°F and rain and wind are common. Rent camping
equipment at the base Recreation Association. Bring your own gear if
you plan to make frequent camping trips.
Some hunting opportunities exist. The season for geese and
ptarmigan varies from 11/2 to 3 months in the fall. Reindeer hunting
during the autumn is occasionally permitted, based on the size of
the herd, by the government in the eastern part of the country.
Touring and Outdoor Activities Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Hiking and mountain climbing are interesting and rewarding. You
must come equipped with sturdy hiking boots and suitable clothes for
these activities.
The countryside is unique and beautiful, and summer sightseeing
can be delightful, especially if the weather is good. Many sights,
such as Heidmork Park, the Blue Lagoon, and Krisuvik hot springs,
are within easy driving distance of Reykjavik. Thingvellir, seat of
the ancient Icelandic Parliament, is about 30 miles east and has
magnificent mountain views. It is on the north shore of
Thingvallavatn, Iceland's largest lake.
Hveragerdi, a small settlement 25 miles east of the capital, has
geothermal steam experiments in progress, including large,
steam-heated greenhouses in which fruit and flowers are grown.
Laugarvatn, 60 miles east of Reykjavik, has a summer hotel and a
lake warmed enough by subterranean heat to make swimming possible.
At Geysir, a few miles farther east, is the world-famous spouter
from which the word "geysir" derives. In the same area is Gullfoss,
a magnificent waterfall. The well-known semiactive volcano, Mt.
Hekla, is located southeast of Gullfoss.
Embassy personnel enjoy visiting these areas individually or in
informal groups by personally owned vehicles. Trips to remote areas
are frequently organized by local travel agencies. Camping tours in
four-wheel-drive buses are a good way to see remote areas.
The Akureyri area is about 280 miles north of Reykjavik.
Vaglaskogur is a lovely park near Akureyri with camping and
picnicking sites. Nearby is Godafoss, a beautiful waterfall, and
farther east Dettifoss, one of the world's largest waterfalls. Lake
Myvatn, with its unique surroundings of lava and hot mud pools, is
also in the Akureyri area.
Vestfirdir (the Westfjords) on the northwest peninsula has
magnificent scenery. The chief town, Isafjordur, is about 200 miles
from Reykjavik and can be reached by car, air, or ship. The roads,
like those elsewhere in the countryside, are poor and often
impassable in winter.
On the southeast coast of Iceland lies Vatnajokull, the largest
glacier in the world outside the Antarctic and Greenland. Located
about 185 miles from Reykjavik, the area has some of the country's
most spectacular scenery. It takes a full day by car to reach this
glacier. Hotel accommodations are scarce in this area, so bring
camping gear unless you have made lodging reservations well in
advance.
Another site of particular interest is the island of Heimaey in
the Westmann Islands. It was here in 1973 that the volcano Eldfjall
was created by an eruption in a pasture near the town. The island
was evacuated during the eruption, but most of the population has
since returned. Quite a contrast exists between the untouched part
of town and the desolate part of the town that remains buried under
the lava.
Entertainment Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Ten movie theaters in the Reykjavik area show mainly
English-language films with Icelandic subtitles. The films are
recent releases.
Regular stage performances are first rate but are usually in
Icelandic. Occasionally, the National Theater presents operas and
musicals. The Iceland Symphony Orchestra presents a regular concert
season averaging a concert twice monthly from October through May.
Season tickets are available. The Ballet Company at the National
Theater also has occasional performances.
Numerous excellent, though somewhat expensive, restaurants
(including its own Hard Rock Cafe) are located in Reykjavik.
McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Domino's
(delivery only) are established here and are popular places for
those seeking fast food service.
Reykjavik has several nightclubs, including a few at local
hotels. All restaurants and nightclubs are expensive.
Embassy staff may use the NATO base recreational facilities,
which include a movie theater, bowling alley, swimming pool, gym
with weight room, squash and racquetball courts, library, craft
hobby shop, auto hobby shop, photo, woodworking, and ceramic shops.
The Craftech Center has a large selection of paints, models, and
craft supplies. Several clubs and Boy and Girl Scout activities meet
here.
Social Activities
Among Americans Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Due to the American community's small size, social life among
Americans is limited. The International Women's Club of Reykjavik
offers activities and an opportunity to meet spouses from the
Diplomatic Corps, the Base, and growing numbers of Icelanders.
International Contacts Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Frequent meetings and social events take place with other members of
the small diplomatic community. Home hospitality is valued in
Iceland. Embassy families have found coffees, luncheons, buffet
dinners, and informal cocktail parties all congenial ways of
entertaining Icelandic friends.
Some older school-age children, especially if coming directly
from the U.S., may have adjustment problems. They may be heightened
if they arrive in summer, long before school begins. Their playmates
will be Icelandic children, many of whom may not speak English. Most
older school children speak English. An effort needs to be made, but
Icelandic and American children will often find common interests,
such as sports. Because the school is 32 miles away from Reykjavik,
activities with the base children are limited, especially for high
school students. School hours are limiting for activities in
Reykjavik because most sports programs occur in the early afternoon,
though late afternoon ballet and art classes are possible. These
problems are likely to be related to the child's age, mobility, and
ability to shift for himself or herself.
Official Functions Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Little official entertaining is done by Icelandic Government or
business officials. The Icelandic President gives a white tie dinner
each year for all chiefs of mission. The chiefs of mission
reciprocate his hospitality with an annual black tie dinner in his
honor. On New Year's Day, the President of Iceland receives ranking
members of the diplomatic missions. He also hosts a Christmas party
for children of diplomats and Foreign Ministry personnel. The
diplomatic missions have the usual social functions to commemorate
anniversaries or national holidays.
Except for these regularly scheduled official functions,
entertaining is done by individual invitation.
Apart from the U.S., the following countries have permanent
missions in Iceland: Denmark, Finland, France, Norway, People's
Republic of China, Sweden, U.K., Russia, and Germany.
Some informal women's groups welcome Embassy wives and female
officers. A women's volunteer organization at the NATO base sponsors
community charitable activities. The International Women of
Reykjavik, composed of Icelandic and diplomatic women, meets once a
month. It plans monthly trips to different sites around Reykjavik.
The atmosphere at official functions is usually quiet and dignified
but not rigid. Many Scandinavian customs are observed. Toasting at
dinner follows certain patterns, but while these are neither rigid
nor complicated by formality, it is best to wait until you arrive to
learn them.
Nature of Functions Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Little official entertaining is done by Icelandic Government or
business officials. The Icelandic President gives a white tie dinner
each year for all chiefs of mission. The chiefs of mission
reciprocate his hospitality with an annual black tie dinner in his
honor. On New Year's Day, the President of Iceland receives ranking
members of the diplomatic missions. He also hosts a Christmas party
for children of diplomats and Foreign Ministry personnel. The
diplomatic missions have the usual social functions to commemorate
anniversaries or national holidays.
Except for these regularly scheduled official functions,
entertaining is done by individual invitation.
Apart from the U.S., the following countries have permanent
missions in Iceland: Denmark, Finland, France, Norway, People's
Republic of China, Sweden, U.K., Russia, and Germany.
Some informal women's groups welcome Embassy wives and female
officers. A women's volunteer organization at the NATO base sponsors
community charitable activities. The International Women of
Reykjavik, composed of Icelandic and diplomatic women, meets once a
month. It plans monthly trips to different sites around Reykjavik.
The atmosphere at official functions is usually quiet and dignified
but not rigid. Many Scandinavian customs are observed. Toasting at
dinner follows certain patterns, but while these are neither rigid
nor complicated by formality, it is best to wait until you arrive to
learn them.
Standards of Social Conduct Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
The Icelandic community is informal and no hard-and-fast rules
for courtesy calls and the use of calling cards exist, except as
special circumstances dictate. If you have calling cards available
bring them. You may find use for them.
Special Information Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Post Orientation Program
Orientation is informal and is geared to your assignment at the
Mission. The Administrative Section will help you get settled and is
more than happy to answer questions (before and after your arrival).
Reykjavik is a small post, and newcomers can expect a warm welcome
from the entire staff.
Notes For Travelers
Getting to the Post Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Notify the Embassy of your travel plans. You will be met at the
International Airport at Keflavik and assisted through customs.
Travel between the U.S. and Iceland is by air. Icelandair flies 757s
daily between Keflavik and New York (a waiver on flying U.S. flag
carriers applies). Flying time from New York is about five hours.
Icelandair also flies daily to Baltimore, five times a week to
Boston, twice a week to Orlando, and four times a week to
Minneapolis. Icelandair also flies Luxembourg, Copenhagen, Oslo,
Glasgow, and London. All international flights use Keflavik Airport.
A reasonably priced airport bus service takes passengers to the
Hotel Loftleidir near downtown Reykjavik.
Customs, Duties, and Passage
Customs and Duties Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
All Embassy personnel enjoy duty-free entry privileges for their
personal and household effects (HHE), including automobiles, at any
time during their tour of duty.
The Icelandic Government imposes no restrictions on color,
weight, or origin of your car. The Embassy handles the routine
licensing of private vehicles. Bring five passport-size photos for
your drivers license and diplomatic and Embassy identity cards.
Airfreight from Washington, D.C. takes about 4 weeks, while
surface freight usually takes about 2 months. FPO parcel post is
often delivered sooner than airfreight, since it is sent by air from
the east coast and does not go through customs.
Passage Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
You may get an Icelandic visa before arriving in the country, but
it is not necessary. Americans, whether traveling on regular or
diplomatic passports, can enter the country for up to 3 months
without a visa. The Embassy can apply for a visa for you after
arrival.
Pets Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
Importation of live animals into the country is rigidly
controlled by Icelandic law. You must apply to the Ministry for
Agriculture for permission to bring a pet into the country. If
permission is granted by the state veterinary surgeon, the pet owner
must bring with the animal a certificate of health (issued within
the week before departure from the U.S.) and a vaccination
certificate. These documents must be attached to the permit upon
arrival in Iceland. Precautions must be taken to ensure that the
animal does not come into contact with other animals en route.
Notification must be made to the head veterinary surgeon at least
48 hours before the arrival of the pet. On arrival the pet will be
taken immediately to the quarantine area in Hrisey (an island in the
north of Iceland), where it will be examined by the quarantine
veterinarian.
Quarantine. The quarantine period is 6 weeks for pets coming
directly from the U.K., Norway, and Sweden. Animals coming from
elsewhere have an 8-week quarantine. Pit Bulls and Sharpees are
banned from Iceland. Special permission must be sought to import a
Rottweiler or Doberman.
The cost of quarantining a cat coming from the U.S. is about
Ikr70,000-85,000 (1999: $969-$1,176). The cost of quarantining a dog
ranges from Ikr80,000-140,000 (1999: about $1,107-$1,937), depending
on the size of the animal. Separate charges are made for medication
and tests. The pet owner must also pay for the animal's
transportation to and from Hrisey. These costs are high, and the
Foreign Service transfer allowance is inadequate to cover them.
If these conditions are not met, quarantine not implemented, or
the animal becomes sick with a disease unknown in Iceland, the owner
is obliged to agree to have the animal put to sleep without
compensation. The owner is also responsible for any damage caused by
the animal during quarantine. The importation permit can be canceled
without notice or cause.
If you plan on bringing a pet, please inform the Administrative
Office immediately to request the most recent information on
importing a pet. And be aware that once your pet reaches Reykjavik,
you will need to pay additional fees to allow it to remain in the
city. (1999: about $120 for first year, and about $105 for each
following year.)
Firearms and Ammunition Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
The importation of firearms is restricted under Icelandic law. If
you are considering importing a firearm, contact the Administrative
Section of the Embassy before shipping your firearm.
Currency, Banking, and Weights and Measures Last Updated:
12/31/1999 6:00 PM
The official basic unit of currency is the Icelandic crown (krona,
plural kronur-abbreviated Ikr). In December 1999, the official
exchange rate was U.S.$1=Ikr 72.27.
Currency exchange facilities are adequate. The Embassy cashier
provides daily accommodation exchange for American employees and
official visitors for kronur at the day's official rate. The
National Bank in Reykjavik and the Merchants National Bank at the
NATO base accept personal checks, travelers checks, U.S. Government
checks, and other negotiable notes in exchange for Icelandic kronur
at the legal rate. It is difficult to change kronur to dollars
outside Iceland.
Embassy personnel may import an unlimited number of U.S. dollars
in currency, checks, drafts, or other negotiable instruments.
Foreign (non-U.S.) currency may be imported from all Scandinavian
and other European countries, according to the currency control
regulations of the country concerned. The National Bank of Iceland
in Reykjavik will accept such currency and exchange it for Icelandic
kronur.
Employees are urged to have a checking account at an American
bank. You can pay hotel room charges with travelers checks, major
credit cards, or U.S. currency. Larger restaurants in Reykjavik may
accept both currencies, and nearly all accept credit cards. Most
business places (including McDonald's, most small kiosks, and
grocery stores) in Reykjavik accept dollars in small denominations,
as well as credit cards.
While the English system of weights and measures is familiar to
most Icelanders, the official system is the metric system, as in
other European countries.
Taxes, Exchange, and Sale of Property Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00
PM
Restrictions
American personnel do not have to pay personal income tax in
Iceland. You are encouraged to import a car. If circumstances
warrant, the Chief of Mission may authorize the importation of a
second car. Sale of a private vehicle is permitted 2 years after
purchase or registry in Iceland, or upon your transfer. An Icelandic
buyer pays high customs duties and other charges at the time of
purchase, but it is the responsibility of the American employee to
see that they are paid. Sale to NATO base personnel on a tax-free
basis may also be approved after 2 years or at the end of your tour.
American personnel must have permission from the Foreign Ministry
before selling an automobile and written approval from the
administrative officer to change kronur to dollars at the completion
of their tour of duty.
A sales tax is levied on all goods, services, and food items sold
in Iceland. On most goods, the rate is 24.5%; for some food items,
books and magazines, the rate is 14%. Foreign diplomatic missions
and their personnel are liable for these taxes, but are eligible for
a rebate on many purchases over Ikr10,000.
Recommended Reading Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
These titles are provided as a general indication of the material
published on this country. The Department of State does not endorse
unofficial publications.
American-Scandinavian Review. American-Scandinavian Foundation.
127 East 73d St., NY 10021. (Articles on Iceland often appear in
this review.)
Auden, WH. Letters from Iceland.
Byock, Jesse L. Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power.
University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1988.
Byock, Jesse L. Feud in the Icelandic Saga. University of
California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1982.
Byock, Jesse L. "Egilsˇ Bones," Scientific American. January
1995, vol. 272 (#1), pp. 63-67.
Gislason, Gylfi Th. and Almenna Bokafelagid. The Problem of Being
an Icelander: Past, Present, and Future. Reykjavik, 1973.
(Translated by Peter Kidson Karlsson.)
Hjalmarsson, Jon R. History of Iceland: From the Settlement to
the Present Day, 1993.
Iceland (Insight Guides). ed. Tony Perrottet. Houghton Mifflin:
Boston, 1995.
Iceland Review. "Iceland: Country and People."
Iceland Review. (This magazine also publishes the daily news on:
www.centrum.is/icerev.is/daily1.html)
Jones, Gwyn. The Vikings. Oxford University Press.
Laxness, Halldor Kiljan. Independent People (1945). Vintage Books
(Random House): New York, 1997.
Linklater, Eric. The Ultimate Viking. The Macmillan Company: New
York, 1950.
Magnusson, Sigurdur A. Icelandic Crucible: A Modern Artistic
Renaissance. Vaka Publishers: Reykjavik, 1985.
Morris, William (introduction by Magnus Magnusson). Icelandic
Journals. Mare's Nest Publishing: London, 1996.
Nordal, Johannes, and Kristinsson, Valdimar, eds. Iceland 1996.
Central Bank of Iceland: Reykjavik, 1997.
Roberts, Dorothy James, ed. Fire in the Ice. Peter Davis: London,
1961.
Sutton, George M. Iceland Summer. University of Oklahoma Press:
Norman, 1961.
Tomasson, Richard F. Iceland, The First New Society. University
of Minnesota Press, Icelandic Review: Reykjavik, 1980.
Local Holidays Last Updated: 12/31/1999 6:00 PM
New Year's Day January 1
Martin Luther King Jr. Day 3rd Monday in January
Washington's Birthday 3rd Monday in February
Maundy Thursday Varies
Good Friday Varies
Easter Monday Varies
First Day of Summer 1st Thursday in April
Labor Day (International) May 1
Ascension Day Varies
Memorial Day 4th Monday in May
Whit Monday Varies
Icelandic Independence Day June 17
Independence Day July 4
Icelandic Bank Holiday 1st Monday in August
U.S. Labor Day 1st Monday in September
Columbus Day 2nd Monday in October
Veteran's Day Nov. 11
Thanksgiving Day 4th Thursday in November
Christmas Eve/Day December 24-25
Boxing Day December 26
New Year's Eve December 31 |